In winter the horse’s body uses more energy to keep a constant body temperature. This applies especially to horses kept outdoors, in an open-yard system, which are exposed to cold, wind and precipitation. Their energy requirement can rise by as much as 10-25%. If we do not respond in time, the horse may start to lose body weight and, with it, immunity and condition as well.
The most important ingredient of the winter diet is hay. It is thanks to the fermentation of fibre in the large intestine that the horse produces the most heat. Good-quality hay, fed in a sufficient amount, is therefore the basis of the winter menu. Ideally the horse should have constant access to it. For older horses, or those with dental problems, it is worth reaching for alternatives such as grass pellets, lucerne chaff, unmolassed sugar beet pulp or a warm mash, which are much easier to eat and to digest.
For some horses, it is also worth considering an increase in concentrate. This applies above all to horses that live out all the time. Winter concentrates should supply energy slowly and steadily, so it is best to choose grain-free or low-starch products that are rich in good-quality fibre, protein and fats. Linseed or maize oil, rice bran, sunflower husks or sugar beet pulp are worth adding to the diet. These ingredients give the horse extra energy without putting a strain on the digestive system.
In winter we often forget the role of vitamins and trace elements, which a horse may receive less of, if only because there is no grass. Shortfalls of zinc, selenium or vitamin D are common and can affect immunity, coat condition and the horse’s overall vitality. That is why the winter diet should be enriched with supplements that support immunity and skin health. Feed yeast works very well: it improves digestion and supports the gut microflora. Linseed, meanwhile, has a soothing effect on the digestive tract and supplies valuable omega-3 fatty acids, and nettle can offer natural support to the immune system. It is also worth remembering biotin, the sulphur-containing amino acids and natural sources of vitamin C, such as rosehip or aronia.
Water is no less important than feed in winter. Low temperatures put horses off drinking, and water freezing in the troughs restricts access still further. Yet winter dehydration is a common problem that is easily forgotten. Make sure the horse has access to fresh water that is not too cold. A good idea is to offer it slightly warmed, or with a small amount of feed salt, which stimulates thirst.
To sum up, preparing a horse for winter means a considered approach to its physiological needs, which change with the weather and the way it is kept. With a properly balanced diet, rich in good-quality fibre, fats, trace elements and vitamins, we can help our horse come through the winter in good shape!